The existence of God Based on Religious Experience Essay

1. Examine the strengths and weaknesses of the argument for the existence of God based on religious experience. (18) 2. ‘The argument merely indicates the probability of God and this is of little value to a religious believer.’ Discuss. (12) In contrast to the classical arguments for the existence of God, namely the ontological, cosmological and teleological arguments, the argument from religious experience doesn’t just entail a set logical of points arriving at a conclusion on a piece of paper, rather it also necessitates sense-based experience, tangible to the individual who experiences the divine. First and foremost, we must classify the argument from religious experience. In general, philosophical arguments usually take one†¦show more content†¦James lists four qualifiers of mystical experiences: ineffability (a state that defies description), noetic quality (revelations of universal and eternal truths), transiency (a brief but profoundly important experience) and passivity (a feeling of being taken over by a superior authority). The father of liberal theology, Schleiermacher, made â€Å"passivity† the most important qualifier. He took the concept a step further and proposed that the â€Å"essence of religion is the feeling of absolute dependence† and this approach was supported by scholars such as Rudolf Otto, who defined religious experience as â€Å"wholly other†. For Schleiermacher, in particular, and, additionally, the Islamic mystic Al-Ghazali, true religion was completely experiential and it should therefore be felt rather than thought. He believed that logic destroys religious experience because religious experience is a matter of intuitive knowledge, not processed knowledge. Intuition is belief, where as logic creates doubts. In many spiritual systems (religious or independent of religion) the human instinct is held in high regard. It was for this reason that Iqbal, the late Islamic philosopher of the modern era, disagreed with Al-Ghazali. Religious experience is a very important concept for those who believe that way to know God is to experience Him. There is a spiritual, mystical dimension to all the world religions – in fact, the Eastern religions relyShow MoreRelatedExamine some of the key principles of the argument for the existence of God based upon religious experiences765 Words   |  4 Pagesof the argument for the existence of God based upon religious experiences Religious experiences are experiences we have of the divine or God. These experiences may be Mystical experiences, conversion experiences or revelatory experiences. Paul Tillich states that religious experience is a feeling of ‘ultimate concern’, a feeling that demands a decisive decision from the one receiving it. He describes it as an encounter followed by a special understanding of its religious significance. The argumentRead MoreThe Existence of God Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe Existence of God What we call religious experience can differ greatly. Some reports exist of supernatural happenings that it would be difficult to explain from a rational, scientific point of view. On the other hand, there also exist the sorts of testimonies that simply seem to convey a feeling or a peace of oneness- something which most of us, religious or not, may possibly relate to. Firstly, I will consider the nature of an experience. Experience involvesRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1674 Words   |  7 Pagesarguments I analyzed satisfactory for the existence of God. The existence of God simply cannot be proven. Regardless of how strong a person’s faith is, or how many miracles they claim to have witnessed, God can only ever be a possibility. First, I will discuss why Pascal’s wager is not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. I will then examine C.D. Broad’s â€Å"Argument for the Existence of God†, and why it is also not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. Finally, I will discuss St. ThomasRead MoreThe Argument From Religious Experience1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe Argument from Religious Experience The argument for God, based on personal Religious experiences, is an argument that cannot be refuted by others. While others may not have the ability to prove the existence of God, through another’s experiences, they also cannot disprove this existence. A person’s personal experiences are something that no other person can determine, nor argue. My experiences are my interpretations for the occurrences within my life, therefore, another person cannot determineRead MoreDoes God Exist?1366 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophical question that arose to me when I saw this painting was if God exists. Depicted in the painting there is a higher being or God watching over Jesus and his disciples. There are many arguments and ideas for the existence of a higher being or God, some of the main ones are; Pascal’s Wager, the Ontological argument, the Cosmological argument, the Teleological argument, the Moral argument, and the argument from religious experience. A classic argu ment that is used a lot is the first cause that statesRead MoreThe Problem Of Evil And Atheism1187 Words   |  5 Pagesan argument for atheism based on the problem of evil that could rationally justify atheism?† Supporting his question, Rowe by uses the idea of human and animal suffering.is it reasonable for omnipotent, omniscient being(s) to permits its creation to suffer by extinguish each other for their own personal benefits. If there is such a thing as an omnibenevolent, omnipotent holy being how come the ultimate and unescapable suffering is this world has no vanish. How good is a god(s) that permits humanityRead MoreDoes God Exist? C. S. Lewis1521 Words   |  7 Pages Does God Exist?C. S. Lewis once remarked that God is not the sort of thing one can be moderately interested in. After all, if God does not exist, there is no reason to be interested in God at all. On the other hand, if God does exist, then this is of paramount interest, and our ultimate concern ought to be how to be properly related to this being upon whom we depend moment by moment for our very existence. The official motto of the United States and the currency in America is inscribed stating â€Å"InRead MoreThe Fifth Dimension By John Hick1359 Words   |  6 Pagesstill in existence. With that being said, a major question is formed, such as: how does one go about viewing and understanding this untold number of religions and systems? In hopes of better understanding and answering this question many philosophers have spent their lives studying the overall subject of religion. John Hick, for example, studied the implications of religion as a whole. Throughout Hick’s studies, he found his main focus to be pluralism and how these religious experiences impact thoseRead MoreThe Italian Kingdom Of Sicily1363 Words   |  6 Pagesthe setting is the Italian Kingdom of Sicily. The Medieval era is drawing to a close. In addition, I am literate and study the writings of great religious thinkers that influence the world today. The late Medieval period witnessed the rise of the religious movement which was lead by Thomas Aquinas who invented the Thomistic way of thought which was based around Medieval scholasticism. He revolutionized the catholic church beginning in 1245 when he moved to Paris and studied under Albertus the GreatRead MoreRationality in Religious Belief Essay560 Words   |  3 PagesRationality in Religious Belief The obtaining of information is an inseparable part of human life, and therefore in what ever one may do; one will always collect information. To be of any value, the information collected has to be reliable, and one does not seem to doubt the reliability of evidence because they believe it to be logical, unless they are a sceptic. Some say that religion is something we cannot prove because we acknowledge religion through our feelings

Technological Advancements Of The E Commerce Industry

Technology is a huge factor in modern day life - with 45% of the world having internet access to purchase goods and services, the e-commerce industry is ever growing. Therefore new technologies have a significant impact on the external environment as they guide the new direction of a market. Technological improvements generally coincide with technological advancements in a company’s products helping to gain more consumers and maintain competitive advantage over other companies. Amazons prime addition has between 50 and 70 million subscribers with an increase of 53% last year (Mac, 2015) therefore showing the success of the technological improvement and the ability to increase consumer base by a large amount. Other technological advancements that Amazon has invested in include Amazon video and Amazon music via mobile apps and webpages enabling Amazon to keep up with growing markets. Another form of Amazon using technology is to track and trace consumer patterns – technol ogy has enabled Amazon to see there consumer loyalty rates (50% consumer loyalty in 2004) (Kimble Bourdon, 2013). Similarly as technology is becoming such a large part of everyday life, e-commerce companies are able to gain considerable benefits as their target market grows – faster broadband as well as increased availability of internet helps to promote companies such as Amazon. The business environment is effected by many factors, some of which are included in PESTLE, the global economy has a hugeShow MoreRelatedTechnological Change And Their Effects On Global Market Research1480 Words   |  6 Pages Technological Change and Their Effects on Global Market Research Pradip Adhikari Texas AM University Commerce Fall 2014 Introduction We live in an era of extreme revolutionize, due to rapid technological development. Over the past years, the technological advancement has changed the entire world and way of work environment. Businesses in today s extremely competitive market must not take too lightly the importance of high-tech working environment, capable, well-trained employeesRead MoreKey Attributes Of United Parcel Service1028 Words   |  5 Pagescourse of their businesses. This is mainly because a significant number of consumers can be attracted and accessed through technological measures. It is essential to appreciate the fact that data, infrastructure and e-commerce software form the basis of United Parcel Service’s technological superiority. All these tools play a pivotal role in supporting the company’s e-commerce strategy and the company’s business strategy as a whole. One of the key attributes of United Parcel Service is its commitmentRead MoreE Commerce Is A Process Of Buying Essa y956 Words   |  4 PagesFuture of E-Commerce E-commerce is a process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information via electronic transactions. These business transactions occur either business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business. E-Commerce is swiftly growing throughout the years with the development in Internet and innovation. The gigantic development of virtual groups - individuals getting together in ad hoc groups online - guaranteesRead MoreFuture Of E Commerce : A Process Of Buying And Selling Of Goods And Services On The Internet938 Words   |  4 PagesFuture of E-Commerce E-commerce is a process of buying and selling of goods and services on the internet through electronic transactions (Bartholome, 2002). These transactions occur either business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business. E-Commerce is swiftly growing throughout the years with the development in Internet and innovation. The gigantic development of virtual groups - individuals getting together in ad hoc groups online - guarantees to alter theRead MorePestel / Pestle Analysis Of Amazon971 Words   |  4 PagesAn Organization I am familiar with I want to speak about its Pest analysis is Amazon. Amazon.com Inc. successfully shelters the issues shown in the PESTEL/PESTLE examination of its e-commerce business and remote or macro-environment. The PESTEL/PESTLE Analysis model is a tool for classifying the external factors that shape the conditions of a company’s remote or macro-environment. In the case of Amazon, the circumstances of the online retail market are measured. As the largest firm in the marketRead MoreNew Trends In E-Business: E-Government And M-Commerce Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesthe economics, markets and industry structure, products and services and their flow. The consumer segmentation, values and behavior has been shifting constantly due to new technological advances in electronic commerce and mobile commerce. E-commerce has given consumers cheaper products and services, instant delivery, no sales tax and information availability. The changes in the Internet and World Wide Web technologies and services lead to new developments in the way E-governmen t efforts provide servicesRead MoreSWOT Analysis : Magm Case Study Analysis1115 Words   |  5 PagesStrengths: †¢ Forefront of the industry Sigma has become the leader of the specialty advertising business since its first debut in 1967. As the forefront of the industry, this becomes a strength for the company to being set apart from the competitors. Also, being the forefront means greater opportunity to derive trust from customers. †¢ Strong brand reputation Sigma is being well-known as a vendor of custom calendars as a marketing tool for other businesses. Sigma has numerous of loyal customers fromRead MoreEssay on E-Commerce and Technology in Different Sectors 1189 Words   |  5 Pages1.E Commerce facilities: 2.Technologies in education sector: 3.Technology in Agriculture: 4. Technology in the Health Sector 5.Expansion of Industries 1.E Commerce facilities: E Commerce or banking through internet is not a new concept.Apart from the government ones the private sectors have also emerged quite nicely.All the leading privale banks such as DBBL,BRAC Bank,Standard Chartard,HSBC,Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited.AB Bank Limited etc has introducedRead MorePest Analysis Virtual Banking1591 Words   |  7 Pages1. PEST Macro-Analysis 2 1.1. Overview 2 Political Factors 2 Economical Factors 3 Social Factors 4 Technological Factors 4 PEST Macro Analysis Summary 5 Bibliography 6 â€Æ' 1. PEST Macro-Analysis 1.1. Overview The virtual banking industry was based primarily on the confidence of the users in the web-based banking technology and the authenticity of the virtual banks. The industry also projected constant changes to the regulations and technology which would define the technology acceptanceRead MoreE Commerce Assessment : Olx India ( Olx.in ) Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesTEEGAVARAPU LALIT MAHESH Student ID : i144409 E-Commerce Assessment : 1 Topic/Company chosen : Olx India (Olx.In) 1. Introduction: 1.1 Name of the company : Olx.in The World s second largest country by population isn t really known for it s internet penetration. That number stands at a lowly 12.6% where people surf the internet only once a month are also counted. Even so, ask any blue collar worker in the nation about Olx.in , and you ll be surprised at how much they know

The Internet In Public Schools Essay Research free essay sample

The Internet In Public Schools Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; The Internet: A Necessity Or Luxury In The Public School Classroom. # 8221 ; Modems, e-mail, www # 8217 ; s and.com # 8217 ; s # 8211 ; are these phrases simply a portion of a worldwide craze, or are they here to remain? And if they are, so what function should they play in the hereafter of public instruction? Many times, new things come along, and we all leap on the large boat of chance so rapidly that we forget to look at the long term virtues of what we # 8217 ; re embarkation. The Internet is a good illustration of this, and we should all take a much closer expression before we decide whether the Internet has a intent and a topographic point in the public schools of tomorrow. Education is simply preparing pupils for the hereafter. But what is the hereafter? No 1 can state with certainty. But by taking a speedy expression around us, we can think that the Internet will play a outstanding function in our hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on The Internet In Public Schools Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If we look at the stock market, for illustration, we can see internet and engineering stocks skyrocketing get downing their first twenty-four hours on the market. Or, turn on the telecasting and one will certainly hear a commercial stating everyone to look into out their company # 8217 ; s net site for more information on their merchandise. Daily, we can see the Internet going more incorporate in our lives and in the lives of our young person. Without the cyberspace in our schools, how will teachers instruct pupils to take full advantage of what the cyberspace has to offer? After set uping that the Internet is so a turning portion of our society that will non likely disappear shortly, schools and their decision makers must make up ones mind if the Internet is a necessity or a luxury. The reply is simple ; the Internet is a luxury. If it were a necessity for public schools # 8217 ; endurance, so how have they made it this far without it? Though the Internet is a luxury, that does non intend it has no topographic point in public schools. Imagine schools today without luxu ries such as the visible radiation bulb, transcript machine, or personal computing machine. Ten old ages ago, it would hold been impossible to compose a missive, to direct it, and have it received all in a affair of seconds. It is imperative that pupils are taught how to entree these new chances so that when compared with other pupils anyplace in the universe, they will non dawdle behind in Internet proficiency. Schools must get down to integrate internet instruction into their regular course of study in order for pupils to be successful in today # 8217 ; s internet-savvy universe. It is the duty of public schools to fix our pupils for the hereafter, and without the Internet in our schools, this would be impossible. By prohibiting the cyberspace to come in our schools, we would be reprobating our pupils by directing them out into the age of the cyberspace, being armed with nil. Though the virtue of the Internet itself will go on to be debated, it is evidently going an of import portion of our society and, hence, must besides go an of import portion of our schools, which are the hereafter of our society. Had the young person of yesterday non been taught how to utilize computing machines, so they could non hold created the cyberspace of today. Therefore, if pupils of today are non taught how to utilize the Internet, so we are restricting the possibility of new finds tomorrow. It is of import that we realize this: the instruction that is provided for our young person today will find our hereafter. In decision, schools and its communities must accept the inevitable and climb aboard the Internet ship of chance before it sets sail, go forthing the hereafter of our pupils, communities and state buttocks. Where will this fatal journey terminal? Will it stop in calamity such as the Titanic, or will we be sailing on the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria to stop at yet another beginning where something newer and more exciting awaits us? Lone clip can state.

Union Organizing; managing a union drive in a company

Introduction A trade union is the organization of employees with common aim of achieving working environment which favors the employees. For instance, it promotes safe and comfortable working conditions. Workers’ union is also formed to bargain for high wages for employees covered by the union.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Union Organizing; managing a union drive in a company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When employees form a union, they can bargain for their needs collectively. On the other hand, labor unions come along with costs to an organization. In other words, union of workers can affect the profitability of a company by increasing its operational costs. Discussion Union organizing process can be threatening to the performance of a company by increasing its production costs. Blank (not dated), observed that labor unions has been successful in various cases while negotiating for high wages for employees (par 5). Consequently, this may severely affect the competitiveness of many companies. For instance, an organization does not have powers to fire unproductive employees without just reasons if its workforce is covered by a union. This forces a company to retain unproductive employees consequently increasing its production costs significantly. Considering the current situation in our company, union organizing cards are already being circulated among employees. This implies that there is likelihood for the employees voting for the union. A great number of employees are already decided to vote for a union. However, the top management team of the company is against this idea of formation of a union. Union can also reduce the market value of a company (McClain, 2010, par 5). This is caused by the losses which an organization faces due to inefficiencies associated with the unionization. These include unnecessary level of benefits which may affect the profitability of the organi zation. It is very clear that formation of a union will come with costs to the company. Therefore, there is a need to take swift and effective action in order to avoid circumstances which can lead the company to sign a contract. However, this should be done with a lot of care by taking into consideration the fact that unfair labor charges may be filed against the company. This may on the other hand increase the operational costs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By 1960s, most top management in many organizations had recognized unions and viewed collective bargaining as acceptable ways for determining wages and working conditions (Freeman Kleiner, 1988, p. 3). However, in 1970s and 1980s, most companies displayed their dislike towards the labor unions following their impact on their performance (Freeman Kleiner, 1988, p. 3). How to manage and supervise when a union organizi ng drive is going on; persuading employees not to vote pro-union Employees’ participation is one of the major factors which determine the success of developing a union (Anonymous, 2010, par 4). In most cases, employees may be encouraged to vote for labor union when new and unfavorable conditions are posed on them by the employers. In this particular company, employees are triggered to embrace a labor union by the current changes which have taken place in the company four months ago. First, the company has organized the employees into teams. The employees are also uncomfortable with the changes in the job titles and work assignments. In addition, the company had made some changes in the pay structure. These sudden changes are the major factors which have made employees propose for a labor union. The current situation needs a serious attention on the employees’ side. We need to come up with measures directed to entice employees to vote against the labor union. Through th e union cards, employees can vote for or against an organization. It is there upon our duty to come up with necessary measures to change employees’ standing. One of the way through which we can solve the current situation is by persuading the employees not to vote pro-union. This can be done by restructuring the process of adopting new changes in an organization. For instance, employees were triggered to act by the abrupt changes which significantly affected them. There is a need to have slow changes in order to suppress the impact of these changes on employees. According to Higgins (2010), one of the best ways of adopting changes in an organization is by considering what motivates the employees (par 3). Otherwise the company cannot succeed in implementing these changes. For instance, we may engage employees in making decisions in some of these changes. This will significantly affect the effectiveness of these changes since employees will feel recognized. This will also reduc e the chances of embracing a union. Rather than imposing all these changes at a go, we have to introduce them gradually. For instance, we may start by changes in the job titles. In this case, employees should be involved in making these decisions. After the employees get used to the initial change, then we may change the work assignments. This will significantly help in dissuading employees from voting for a union.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Union Organizing; managing a union drive in a company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Freeman Kleiner discussed that the management tactics significantly determines the employees views towards unions (1988, p 4). Companies with better benefits, higher wages, and good working conditions are less likely to find themselves in problems with unions than those firms engaged with unfair working conditions, low wages, and worse benefits for the employees (Freeman Kleiner, 19 88, p 5). The Role of Supervisors in Campaigns against Union There is a need to have effective tactics to avoid formation of a union in the organization. Freeman Kleiner (1988) observed that one of the main tactics which a company can use is having an intensive supervisor’s campaign against the union (p 5). We should encourage supervisors to spare more time and efforts convincing the employees to oppose the union. This should involve explanations on the negative effects associated with labor unions. In most cases, supervisors are in close contact with the employees. They should take this opportunity to campaign against formation of a union. Supervisors should inform the employees of the negative consequences of labor union to them and the organization in general. For instance, employees should be informed of the inflexibility associated with labor unions which reduces the chances of learning new ideas. Under unions, getting from the job category implies getting out of the un ion. Such campaigns will reduce the chances of the union to win. Campaigns against the union should focus on the factors which determine the employees’ propensity to support a union. These include special working conditions in the company and composition of the workforce. Supervisors and other levels management in the company should critically focus on these factors to change the views of the employees. For instance, there may be a certain fraction of employees who are affected by the changes which triggered the need for a union than others. More attention should be paid on this group of employees. This can be done by organizing small worker meetings with the supervisors in order to convince employees to oppose unionization of the workforce. Theory of Management Opposition to a Union Organizing Drive The reaction of an organization union drive is determined by different circumstances. First, their reaction will depend on the probability of the union winning and obtaining the contract. The reaction of the management is also determined by the degree of impact of management’s intervention on the probability of the union winning as well as the likely cost and losses of unionization (Freeman Kleiner, 1988, p 5). In our case here, the probability of the union winning the election is very high. The changes which have taken place four months ago have triggered the need of the employees to have a union through which to bargain their needs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion In conclusion, we can see that the management has a major role in determining the outcome of the process of organizing a union. The working conditions significantly determine the employee’s attitude towards a union. There are high chances of an organization winning if there are positive industrial relations in the company. The management should therefore embrace good working environment in the workplace in order to reduce the chances of having a union. In situations where the chances of a drive winning the vote are high, it is necessary for the management to conduct intensive campaigns to convince the employees to vote against the union. This can help in changing their ideas hence escaping from the consequences associated with work union. Reference List Anonymous. (2010). Steps to Create a Union Where You Work. Web. Blank, C. Advantages and Disadvantage of Labor Unions. Web. Freeman, R. Kleiner, M. (1988). Employer Behavior In The  Face of Union Organizing Drive s. Web. Higgins, S. (2010). One Strategy for Adopting Change across Your Organization. Web. McClain, S. (2010). Negatives of Labor Unions.  Web. This essay on Union Organizing; managing a union drive in a company was written and submitted by user Giovanna R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Haroldo de Campos The Ethics and Poetics of Transcreation Essay Example

Haroldo de Campos: The Ethics and Poetics of Transcreation Essay Haroldo de Campos: The Ethics and Poetics of Transcreation This paper discusses the Brazilian theory and practice of translation as transcreation, set in motion in the 1950s by the Neograndes group of concrete poets (namely the late Haroldo de Campos, his brother Augusto and Dcio Pignateri), in light of two of the most challenging cultural approaches to translation in the late 1990s: Lawrence Venutis alignment with an ethics of difference in translation (1997), and Henri Meschonnicss call for a poetics of translating (1999). Following Venutis lead that minority situations redefine what constitutes thedomestic and theforeign, the concept of transcreation will be analyzed as a forcible junction of a European metaphysics of translation that displaces the original (Benjamin, Derrida) and an indigenous anthropophagic tradition, updated by the modernist Oswald de Andrade as the absorption of the sacred [Western colonial] enemy. In Haroldo de Camposs writings, however, the indebtedness to primitive traditions and art forms is matched with the recovery of a creolized Iberian baroque. Furthermore, both are but parcels of a universal poetical legacy that needs to be expropriated and appropriated through translation in order to bring Brazilian cultural productions to the fore of a poetics of modernity that is basically construed through Western parameters, catapulting Brazilian concretism to its visionary role in the post-industrial technological era. Haroldo de Campos anchors the poetics of concretism in the avant-garde experiments of authors such as Mallarm, Pound and Joyce. Mallarms A Throw of Dice (1897) is seen as the precursor of the verbi-voco-visual experiments of the concrete poets, where structural elements such as rhythm and (typographical) spatiality are privileged over ve

buy custom Chinese History essay

buy custom Chinese History essay Introduction Chinas democracy during the 20th Century is not associated with Communism. However, many people believe that Mao Zedongs revolution and the students protest that took place in 1989, at the Tiananmen Square was very important (Patricia, 1993). Even though China lacks republican system when compared to countries like the United States, there have been continued struggle for democracy. Much of the struggles have been witnessed in areas of press freedom, assembly and speech. The paper, therefore, seeks to highlight struggles that the Chinese underwent in the 20th Century when they were advocating for equality in the public and politics that supports true democracy (Patricia, 1993). Discussion During the early 20th Century revolutionaries in China, the Chinese fought oppressive governments that controlled deocratic values like freedom of assembly and speech. The May Fourth Movement of 1919 was an example of such struggles. Under this movement, students declined to be enslaved by foreign powers. Nevertheless, they were deprived the freedom of expressing their views by what was called Northern Warlord government. As a result, students demonstrated against the repressive government. Indeed, the protest marked the beginning of mass protests along the streets (Patricia, 1993). Furthermore, when the Warlord government started silencing the protestors, students continued demanding for their rights. These students advocated for freedom of association, assembly, and expression of political views. The May Fourth association catalyzed future Chinese resistance of the oppressive government (Patricia, 1993). Later, labor organizations applied the same reasoning to call for strike. The union leaders believed that the workers were oppressed by Feudal Warlords, who deprived workers fair wages and freedom oof assembly. Therefore, the union leaders thought that it was necessary for the Shanghai government to set up the leadership that allows workers; the freedom of press and speech, formation of associations, and to go on strike (Patricia, 1993). The desire for liberation was demonstrated by the working class, who were against dictatorship. In fact, the end of strikes did not mean retreat; but prepared the groundwork for more struggles. This is because, the words from the union leaders foreshadowed the fight for survival in China a decade later (Patricia, 1993). Conclusion To sum, it is apparent that, even though some people still look at China as a nation that is not liberal, continued struggles for democracy in the twentieth Century proved that, like other Nations in the West, China shares common principles of democracy. Years later, the Communist Revolution has become a force in China; hence it could result into a peaceful world. Buy custom Chinese History essay

Creating a Compelling Vision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Creating a Compelling Vision - Assignment Example otivation needed for growth, provides a feeling of significance among the parties involved and most importantly, it provides a basis for decision-making (Holbeche, 1998). A number of global leaders are taking the leading role in formulation of visions geared towards placing their organizations in favorable ranks with reference to corporate performance. For example, BBC staff became much more engaged when the British broadcaster switched its vision to â€Å"to be the world’s most creative organization† from the previous â€Å"to be the best managed organization in the public sector†. The employees at the broadcaster have been quoted as saying they are â€Å"lucky† to be there (Mackin, 2007). Such roadmaps have been very effective; both in terms of their communication and implementation, and their fruits can now be seen. Some visions may create more impetus than others may, but the most important thing is that it should capture the core values of the organization, should be attainable and be able to distinguish the organization from its peers in terms of defining the organizations expected

Business Systems and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Systems and Operations - Essay Example For this reason, it is then expected that for the sake of decision making, that the choice of getting the right supplier should undergo a supplier appraisal process that would give the purchaser a better view of the capabilities of the choice suppliers that they are picking from. This particular process is a singular part of strategic management that needs to be carried on into consideration by any purchasing company aiming to create connective transaction with other businesses to stand as suppliers. Strategic management is a contemporary approach formulated by the scientific society of modernized world regarding the aspect of management. It is generally an approach in management and planning wherein certain steps and procedures are develop and systematically incorporated in the normal process to achieve the desired goals of the institution. This is actually plan with a general outlook in the present and the future where different aspects and factors are incorporated as a whole to develop a plan towards the objective. Implementation of the said management strategic is viewed to post certain advantages and disadvantages to the institution and management in general. Strategic planning is viewed to possess many advantages in the management aspect of the institution. These advantages manifest as this approach generally maintains the focus of the group towards their objectives and goals. Also, strategic planning also ensures that the different factors involved in the group's action are indeed incorporated and be well regarded in their plan ahead of time. Management who uses this approach becomes fully aware of the things and aspect that must be dealt with thus minimizing the certain issues of uncertainty and disconcertment. In addition to that, the efforts of the groups are well distributed to all the works and issues that must be addressed thus, minimizing waste and worthless efforts. However, strategic planning also do posts several disadvantages to the group and this is mainly related to cultural changes and ambiguity in the plan. Commonly, strategic planning comes in contrast with prevalent cultural trend in a certain locality thus, this appro ach also require change and adaptation when it comes to its implementation. Another is the ambiguity regarding the planning part where the strategy is mainly formulated with underestimation and overestimation, coordination failure, failure in following the created plan, resistance to the implementation of the plan, and others. If critically analyzed, it is evidently true that the advantages of strategic planning do outweigh is disadvantages regarding the achievement of the goals and objective of the group. The main roots this approach flaws can actual be viewed to be in relation to the culture trend and the planning itself. Strategic planning is indeed relevant because it can actually focus the efforts of the groups to the objective and keep all pertinent issues and aspect at perspective however, the plan itself must be created with

Condition vs. Statement Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Condition vs. Statement Analysis - Coursework Example Horizontal analysis makes use of comparisons over two or more years in both currency and percentage forms. Vertical analysis on the other hand, takes into account entries of the balance sheet and presents them as percentages of the total. Finally, ratio analysis is used in financial statement analysis to show the statistical correlation of data (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). The use of financial statement analysis is primarily aimed at informing effective decision making process. While financial statement analysis evaluates the financial performance of an organization from its financial data records to showcase performance, financial condition analysis on the other hand, aims at measuring the position of the business or entity at hand. Two considerations under financial condition analysis include resource flow, and resource stock (Studenmund, 2011). Under resource flow, financial condition analysis takes into account financial indicators such as total margin, charge to expense, and debt service ratios. It also considers financial performance through change in net assets (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). Under resource stock, financial condition analysis takes into account financial ratios (indicators) such as quick for testing liquidity, net assets for measuring solvency, debt to asset for measuring leverage, and capital assets condition for measuring capital (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). The use of financial condition analysi s is primarily aimed at acknowledging the performance or position of the entity at hand. Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith (2013) points that external factors have impact on an organization’s financial performance. In this case, financial condition analysis considers external factors such as competition, market stability, exchange rates, and market volatility. Under these factors, financial condition analysis aims at testing how much the business is able to

Social Policy Responses To Domestic Violence Social Work Essay

Social Policy Responses To Domestic Violence Social Work Essay This essay will evaluate the current social policy responses to the social issue of domestic violence. Domestic violence is a multi-faceted issue affecting the perpetrator, the survivor and their families. This means that many agencies may need to be involved. Domestic violence is prevalent within all strata of society, rich and poor, with no regard for religion, ethnicity or geographical location, and accounts for fifteen percent of violent crimes (Home Office, 2009). It is estimated that domestic violence cost the nation  £23 billion per year (Womens Aid, 2007d). It is not only committed by men against women but by women on men and within same sex relationships. However as the majority of incidents are perpetrated by men against women with a greater risk of repeat offending and worse severity of violence experienced this essay will concentrate on this aspect. To fully understand this issue this essay will explore the historical roots of domestic violence, looking at how attitudes may have originated, what challenges have caused them to change and what further changes may be necessary. It will then explore changes in the legislation and how this affects the polices powers and their use of them. It will then go on to explore criminal justice responses, such as Specialist Domestic Violence Courts and Integrated Domestic Abuse Programmes, evaluating their efficacy. It will then examine the social policy responses affecting the survivors of domestic abuse, such as the creation of police Domestic Violence Units, sanctuary schemes, housing, support services, and child protection. It will also look at methods used to identify possible domestic violence victims. It will show that the current emphasis on criminal justice responses is diverting resources away from frontline womens services, which can disproportionately affect women from Black and et hnic minority communities. Historically there has been no concept of domestic violence. According to Carlson Brown (1994) this is because of the patriarchal society that existed, and to some extent still exists, which was sanctioned by religious texts. It was the belief was that women and children were the property of the man and it was his duty to discipline them as he saw fit. This ideology was only challenged in recent decades by the rise of feminism. The introduction of the contraceptive pill in the nineteen-sixties gave women the freedom of choice over their reproduction, and therefore other areas of their lives. However, at first only physical abuse was considered domestic violence but in the nineteen-eighties sexual abuse began to be considered as domestic violence. In spite of this re-evaluation marital rape was not considered a crime until 1991 in England and Wales (Rape Crisis, 2008). In recent times the definition of domestic violence has been widened to the current government definition: Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality (Home Office, 2009). This definition therefore covers less traditional family arrangements and practices from different cultures, such as honour-based violence, forced marriages and female genital mutilation. This means that domestic violence is not classified as a single offence but several different related offences, such as common assault, rape, false imprisonment and attempted murder. However there are still some incidents, such as psychological and emotional abuse, which whilst highly upsetting to the survivors are not prosecutable offences. This definition concentrates on adults and thus neglects those aged under eighteen, however a programme on youngsters in secure childrens homes revealed that girls as young as ten years old were experiencing physical abuse at the hands of their intimate partners (BBC Radio 4, 20 April 2009). Therefore there exists yet more of the population whos need for protection and support require addressing. One of the main ways for government to address the issue of domestic violence is through legislation. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 was introduced to tackle the issue of domestic violence in a multitude of ways. The acts intention was to give greater power to the police and courts when dealing with the perpetrators of domestic violence whilst providing increased protection to the survivors (Home Office, 2008a). One of the ways of increasing police powers was to make common assault an arrestable offence, this can allow the survivor a period of reflection to help them decide whether they wish to continue with prosecution or not. This continues moves, started in the nineteen-eighties, away from the police trying to reconcile the parties involved towards zero tolerance of domestic violence. However this may lead to less incidents being reported as the survivor may not wish to criminalize her partner, especially if he is the father of her children. This is even more ap plicable within the Black and ethnic minority communities who, due to fears over racist discrimination, are less likely to look to the police for aid (Womens Aid, 2007a). A further change in police power was to make the breach of non-molestation orders an arrestable offence, which carries a prison sentence of up to five years. The nature of non-molestation orders was also changed to recognise the needs of same sex couples and non-cohabiting couples for the same protection afforded heterosexual cohabiting couples. It is hoped that these measures will reduce the number of breaches of these orders, and therefore afford greater protection to survivors, due to the greater sanctions now attached. This change also means that the survivor is a witness in a criminal matter and no longer responsible for taking action over the prosecution nor burdened with the costs of that prosecution. However this can mean that the Crown Prosecution Service may pursue cases that the survivor may wish dropped, which could lead to her being disempowered and feeling not in control once again (Womens Aid, 2007a). Also in making breach of non-molestation orders a criminal matter th is moved them from closed family courts, where only the parties involved were in chambers, to criminal courts, which allows both press and public audience, although press restriction can be put in place to protect the identity of witnesses in these cases (Womens Aid, 2007a). Another government response was to create Specialist Domestic Violence Courts (SDVCs). The SDVC programme started in 2006 with an initial twenty-three SDVCs, more have been accredited each subsequent year to give the current total of one-hundred-and-five. According to the Home Office (2006) the SDVC programme forms part of a multi-agency response to domestic violence, which is intended to provide greater safety for the survivors and call perpetrators to account through various means of intervention. Some of the measures used in SDVCs include using specially trained judges, fast racking of domestic violence cases and access to Independent Domestic Violence Advisors (IDVAs) to provide specialist support (Womens Aid, 2008a). In a Home Office (2008b) review of the original twenty-three SDVCs it was found that there was a higher percentage of arrests made for domestic violence crimes and there was a higher percentage of successful prosecutions when compared with non-SDVCs within the same area. There were high levels of support provided by the IDVAs both within and outside the criminal justice system which increased survivor safety and satisfaction. These results are believed to improve public confidence in the criminal justice system. However where SDVCs were found to have a lower percentage of successful prosecutions it was found that there was a higher percentage of Black and ethnic minority defendants. This shows that there are still issues to be dealt with when dealing with cases from these communities. Womens Aid (2008a) also calls into question the government emphasis on using the criminal justice system to tackle domestic violence issues as this means that only those who report an incident, about twenty-four percent of survivors, have access to this specialized help. This means that a large proportion of survivors are without support or accessing other domestic violence support services that are lacking political and financial support as a result. Another government initiative designed to reduce incidents of domestic violence is the Integrated Domestic Abuse Programme (IDAP). This is a programme for up to twenty-seven week for the perpetrators of domestic violence to address their offending behaviour. The perpetrator must have a Community Rehabilitation Order (CRO) or a Community Punishment and Rehabilitation Order (CPRO) with conditions to attend. Its aim is to challenge the perpetrators beliefs and attitudes towards domestic violence thus reducing the risk of reoffending. It also offers the partners of the offenders a support group (Home Office, 2004). This programme requires a lot of staff time and training; it also requires significant administration. All of which comes from the probation areas budget. Womens Aid (2007b) believes that these programmes can modify offender behaviour and provide support survivors with support. However these programmes are not always successful in changing the perpetrators behaviour and can gi ve survivors unrealistic expectations that may lead to unsound decisions around their own safety. They may also neglect supporting the survivor to concentrate on their role reporting on the perpetrators behaviour. Also reports have shown that due to budget restraints there are long waiting lists of up to two years for these programmes. This has lead to, in 2007, over four thousand orders by the court being handed down whilst only one thousand eight hundred being completed, with some cases of repeat offending whist waiting for a place on a programme (Doward, 2008). A government study shows that there is a strong link between domestic violence and alcohol abuse with sixty-two percent of offences involving alcohol and forty-eight percent of the sample group being alcohol dependant (Gilchrist et al, 2003). Therefore another approach to tackling domestic violence is ordering perpetrators with alcohol problems to attend treatment programmes. However alcohol abuse is not a cause of domestic violence but it is often used as an excuse for violent behaviour. In fact, according to Womens Aid (2005a) treating the perpetrators alcohol or drug issues can lead to an increase in violence especially during the withdrawal period. Therefore this must be tackled holistically addressing both the offending behaviour and the drug and/or alcohol problem whilst ensuring the survivors safety and that of her children, if any. Not all social policy responses deal with the perpetrators of domestic violence. Many focus on the survivors and their families. One of the main responses was to create dedicated Domestic Violence Units (DVUs) with specialist trained officers. The overriding aim of these units is to protect survivors and their families and ensure that domestic abuse is treated just as seriously as any other violent crime. These units specifically try to tackle the unwillingness of survivors to report incidents of domestic violence due to the belief that the police will not take them seriously or will be unable to help (Womens Aid, 2008b). This is particularly the case with women from the Black and ethnic minority community who can face stigmatism from their communities and may also fear institutional racism from the police. Those survivors with insecure immigration status may also fear deportation should they leave their partner and report domestic violence (Womens Aid, 2009c). To assist survivors DV Us can refer them onto other support services, which can advise them about their rights, and liaise with the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) over the prosecution of domestic violence. To help protect survivors from repeat victimisation DVUs can refer them to the Sanctuary Scheme which allows the survivor to stay within their own home, and avoid upheavals and further distress, as long as the perpetrator is no longer living with them. It does this by providing extra security measures such as sanctuary rooms where the survivor can remain safe from the perpetrator whilst waiting for the police to arrive. However not all home are suitable for this scheme due to their construction or location and not all survivors would wish to remain in their own home (Communities and Local Government, 2006). In these cases DVUs can refer the survivor to a refuge or the local authoritys homelessness unit. Domestic violence is one of the main causes of homelessness in women (Rights of Women, 2007) and is particularly problematical as there may be several issues complicating the matter. Womens refuges provide safe accommodation whether or not the woman has reported domestic violence to the police. However accessing a refuge is particularly difficult as there is limited provision with only 373 womens refuges in the whole country (Coy et al, 2009). Also not all refuges can accommodate large families, some place restrictions on the upper ages of male children, necessitating the splitting up of already distressed families. Some refuges are unable to accommodate those with physical disabilities or those with mental health and/or substance abuse issues. There are some refuges that specialise in meeting the needs of the Black and ethnic minority groups but demand far outstrips supply (Hall and Whyte, 2003). When a suitable place in a refuge is not available the local authority may have a duty to re-house survivors of domestic violence. There are certain criteria that must be met for the local authority to re-house survivors: that they have not made themselves intentionally homeless; they are in priority need; they are eligible; and they have a local connection. However it is up to the local authority to assess whether the survivor is in priority need. In some areas this means that those without children are not considered to be in priority need thus discriminating against those who for whatever reason do not have children. A further complication is that many survivors are financially dependent upon their abuser, although there help for some is available through the benefits system not all are aware of this, especially those whose main language is not English (Dhillon-Kashyap, 1994) and may have been kept unaware of this by their abuser as a means of control. Those subject to immigration control with no recourse to public funds would not be able to pay for a refuge place or other accommodation through housing benefit, as many do, but there other forms of funding sometimes available for refuges, but this is limited due to funding restraints (Womens Aid, 2007c). DVUs can also refer survivors to Womens Aid, which is a charity that provides specialist support and advice. However they do not limit themselves to those who have reported domestic violence, any woman suffering from domestic violence can access them. Womens Aid can help survivors access other forms of help such as helping children affected by living with domestic violence or experiencing abuse themselves, housing, benefits, mental health services and substance abuse treatment. Due to funding constraints there are waiting lists for this vital support. One of the most important aspects of Womens Aids work is their counselling service, as once a survivor has left their abuser one of the main indicators that they may return is whether they attribute of the responsibility for the abuse to themselves or the abuser (Worth and Tiggemann, 1996). The counselling offered examines this. Another indicator of return is the attitude of their family towards their actions (Worth and Tiggemann, 1996) , this is particularly pertinent for women from Black and ethnic minority communities who may face censure from their family and community. Womens Aid also supports those who wish to remain living with their violent partners, helping them to do so in the safest way possible. Womens Aid also works with other agencies representing its service users needs and experiences. Children who live in a home where domestic violence is taking place can be very badly affected and may experience behavioural problems (McFarlane et al, 2003). Although a child may not witness domestic violence they may be aware of it taking place: they may hear it; or witness the resulting injuries. If they do witness domestic violence they may get injured trying to intervene. Research has shown that between thirty and sixty-six percent of children that live in a home where domestic violence is taking place also face abuse themselves (Womens Aid, 2009b). In all of these cases it is more than likely that the child will need counselling to deal with the trauma experienced. Despite all this an abusive parent can still apply through the courts to have contact with their child. It is commonly felt that it is in the best interests of the child to have contact with both parents. When there is the risk of abduction of further abuse of the child an evaluation by an officer from the Children and Family Courts Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) can be made to ascertain whether contact is advisable and is so what nature it should take. Contact may happen in a contact centre. However these centres are usually staffed by volunteers and may not be able to provide the continuous supervision necessary (Womens Aid, 2009d). If the mother does not comply with the contact order because of fears for the childs or her own safety she will be in contempt of court and can face sanctions such as fines, withdrawal of legal aid, transfer of residence and even imprisonment. Womans Aid may also need to refer their service users to drug and alcohol services because women suffering domestic violence are fifteen times more likely to misuse alcohol and those who report domestic abuse are nine times more likely to misuse drugs than women in the general population (Womens Aid, 2009a). This may be because they use drugs and alcohol as a coping mechanism or their abuser has used drugs and alcohol as a means of control (Finney, 2004). Whatever the reasons this further complicates matters for the survivor. As mentioned earlier this can make it more difficult for a survivor to get a place in a refuge. Also it can be a hindrance in reporting domestic violence, as the survivor may fear being stigmatised as an alcoholic or a drug addict (Womens Aid, 2009a). If the survivor wishes to tackle their substance issues this can be difficult as funding for treatment is restricted and many treatment services are male-orientated and may have mixed groups where she may not feel able to discuss those issues affecting her (Womens Aid, 2009a). Another governmental response is attempting to identify potential survivors of domestic violence. As thirty percent of domestic violence starts during pregnancy and domestic violence is the prime cause of miscarriage or stillbirth, and maternal death during childbirth (Womans Aid, 2005b) the government has set up an antenatal screening policy to identify those at risk. This involves providing specialised training for midwives and other healthcare providers to help them encourage pregnant women experiencing domestic violence to disclose this, but it must be done in a safe way and this can be difficult with the, usually, controlling nature of the perpetrator. However it has been found that not all healthcare providers routinely question all patients as they believed that they were able to identify those who were experiencing domestic abuse and would only question those who they felt may be experiencing domestic violence (Jeanjot et al, 2008). Also midwives reported concerns about acces sing support for themselves and colleagues as almost nineteen percent had reported experiencing domestic violence themselves (Barnet, 2005). The Corston Report found that a disproportionate number of female prisoners, when compared to the general population, had suffered domestic violence (Corston, 2007). This may be for a variety of reasons: their abuser forced them to commit crimes; they committed crimes to go to prison and escape the abuse they faced; or they committed the crimes to support their drug and/or alcohol addiction. Whatever the reasons the Corston Report recommended that there should be mandatory provision of support for women who had been raped, abused or experienced domestic abuse in every regional resettlement plan (Corston, 2007). The government has accepted this recommendation and it is part of the Strategic Plan for Reducing Re-Offending, which was launched in spring 2008, and it is hoped that it will help prevent chronic social exclusion (Ministry of Justice, 2007). However it has not been implemented as yet. It has been shown that domestic violence is a highly complex issue where both the perpetrators and survivors tend to have multiple needs that must be addressed. Legislation has tried to meet the needs of people with different life-style choices. It has also been shown that the creation of Specialist Domestic Violence Courts has had some success in improving conviction rates and survivor satisfaction, but still needs to address conviction rates amongst Black and ethnic minority defendants. The Integrated Domestic Abuse Programmes have had limited success, due to budgetary restraints causing long delays in perpetrators being placed on a programme and their offending behaviour is difficult to change. Also any other issues the perpetrator may have need to be addressed at the same time. It has been demonstrated that the emphasis on a criminal justice response neglects the majority of cases that are not reported to the police. This can disproportionately affect women from the Black and eth nic minority communities, and those with insecure immigration status as they are less likely to report incidents of domestic violence for various reasons. The emphasis on the criminal justice approach to tackling domestic violence also means that a disproportionate amount of funding is directed away from other important measures, such as refuges and other support services, that could be of more help to the vast majority who decide not to report incidents of domestic violence or do not want to engage with the criminal justice system. This funding could also be used for increased staffing at contact centres to help ensure the safety of children and their mothers, whilst still allowing them to interact with their fathers. Or it could be used for female orientated substance misuse treatment. Extra funding, which could come from other sources such as that allocated for the use of CCTV, could also identify and help other survivors through antenatal screening or within the female prison po pulation. Word Count: 3649 REFERENCES Barnet, C. (2005) Exploring Midwives attitudes to domestic violence screening. British Journal of Midwifery. Vol.13, No.11, 702-705 BBC Radio 4, (20 April 2009) Inside the Child Prisons. Carlson Brown, J. (1994) Because of the angels: sexual violence and abuse. In Schà ¼ssler Fiorenza, S. and Copeland, M.S. (eds) (1994) Violence Against Women, London: SCM Press. Communities and Local Government (2006) Options for Setting Up a Sanctuary Scheme. [Online] Available from http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/pdf/154295.pdf. [Accessed August 2nd 2009]. Corston, J. (2007) The Corston Report: A Review of Women with Particular Vulnerabilities in the Criminal Justice System. London: Home Office Coy, M., Kelly, L. and Foord, J. (2009) Map of Gaps 2: the Postcode Lottery of Violence Against Women Support Services. London: End Violence Against Women. Dhillon-Kashyap, P. (1994) Black women and housing. In Gilroy, R. and Woods, R. (eds) (1994) Housing Women, London: Routledge. Doward, J. (2008) Pledge to cut domestic violence has failed The Guardian 17th February. [Online] Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/17/ukcrime.justice. [Accessed August 10th 2009]. Finney, A. (2004) Alcohol and Intimate Partner Violence: Key Findings from the Research. London: Home Office Gilchrist, E., Johnson, R., Takriti, R., Weston, S., Beech, A. and Kebbell, M. (2003) Domestic Violence Offenders: Characteristics and Offending Related Needs. London: Home Office. Hall, T. and Whyte, D. (2003) At the margins of provision: domestic violence, policing and community safety. Policy Politics Vol. 31, No.1, p3-18. Home Office (2009) Crime Reduction Domestic Violence Mini-Site. [Online] Available from http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/dv/dv01.htm. [Accessed August 3rd 2009]. Home Office (2008a) Crime Reduction Domestic Violence: National Plan for Domestic Violence. [Online] Available from http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence51.htm. [Accessed August 3rd 2009]. Home Office (2008b) Specialist Domestic Violence Courts Review 2007-8: Justice with Safety. [Online] Available from http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/dv/dv018a.pdf. [Accessed August 2nd 2009] Home Office (2007) Crime Reduction Legislation: The Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004. [Online] Available from http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/dv/dv016.htm. [Accessed August 3rd 2009] Home Office (2006) Specialist Domestic Violence Court Programme Resource Manual. [Online] Available from http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence59.pdf. [Accessed August 1st 2009]. Home Office (2004) Crime Reduction Domestic Violence. [Online] Available from http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence43.htm. [Accessed August 10th 2009]. Jeanjot, I., Barlow, P. and Rozenberg, S. (2008) Domestic violence during pregnancy: survey of patients and healthcare providers. Journal of Womens Health Vol. 17, No. 4, 557-567. McFarlane, J.M., Groff, J.Y., OBrian, J.A. and Watson, K. (2003) Behaviours of children who are exposed and not exposed to intimate partner violence: an analysis of 330 Black, White and Hispanic children. Paediatrics, Vol. 112, No. 3, 202-207. Ministry of Justice (2007) The Governments Response to the Report by Baroness Corston of a Review of Women with Particular Vulnerabilities in the Criminal Justice System. [Online] Available from http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/corston-review.pdf. [Accessed August 11th 2009]. Rape Crisis (2008) Rape in Marriage / Rape by Partner. [Online] Available from http://www.rapecrisis.org.uk/rape/maritalrape.html. [Accessed August 7th 2009]. Rights of Women (2007) Domestic Violence, Housing and Homelessness. [Online] Available from http://www.rightsofwomen.org.uk/pdfs/dv_housing_homelessness.pdf. [Accessed August 1st 2009] Womens Aid (2009a) The Survivors Handbook Alcohol and Drugs. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors-handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100360003. [Accessed August 14th 2009]. Womens Aid (2009b) The Survivors Handbook Children and Domestic Violence. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors-handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100380001sectionTitle=Children+and+domestic+violence. [Accessed August 13th 2009] Womens Aid (2009c) The Survivors Handbook Immigration. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors-handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100350002. [Accessed August 13th 2009]. Womens Aid (2009d) The Survivors Handbook Making Arrangement for Children After Separation. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors-handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100380002sectionTitle=Making+arrangements+for+children+after+separation. [Accessed August 13th 2009] Womens Aid (2008a) Action Plan for Tackling Domestic Violence 2008-11. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200430001itemid=1548. [Accessed August 8th 2009]. Womens Aid (2008b) Police Responses to Domestic violence Full Article. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200400001itemid=1402. [Accessed August 7th 2009]. Womens Aid (2007a) Domestic Violence Crimes and Victims Act 2004: Two New Sections Implemented. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200070001itemid=1039itemTitle=Domestic+Violence+Crime+and+Victims+Act+2004%3A+two+new+sections+implemented. [Accessed August 8th 2009]. Womans Aid (2007b) Womens Aid Briefing Perpetrator Work in the UK. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200180001itemid=1080. [Accessed August 9th 2009]. Womens Aid (2007c) Support for Survivors: Refuges. [Online] Available from http://womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200210002itemid=1301. [Accessed August 11th 2009]. Womens Aid (2007d) What is Domestic Violence? [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200410001itemid=1272itemTitle=What+is+domestic+violence. [Accessed July 28th 2009]. Womens Aid (2005a) Womens Aid Guidance for people in drug and alcohol sectors working with women experiencing domestic abuse. [Online] Available from http://womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?itemid=956itemTitle=Women%27s+Aid+Guidance+for+people+in+drug+and+alcohol+sectors+working+with+women+experiencing+domestic+abusesection=00010001002200280001sectionTitle=Articles%3A+drugs+and+alcohol. [Accessed August 12th 2009]. Womens Aid (2005b) Statistics Pregnancy and Domestic Violence. [Online] Available from http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200010001itemid=822. [Accessed August 8th 2009]. Worth, N. and Tiggermann, M. (1996) Predictors of womens return to violent partners. Australian Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 13, No. 4, p376-391.

John Wilkes Booth and the Politics of Assassination

The reading assignment from chapter 27 from our text entitled, â€Å"John Wilkes Booth and the Politics of Assassination† written by James W. Clarke discusses the authors belief that Abraham Lincoln’s death was brought on by political ideologies and not because of mental health issues as some have widely claimed. The author believes that what were happening at that period in time were the breeding grounds for Booth’s drive to assassinate Lincoln.Clarke writes, â€Å"political context of the assassination facts such as Lincoln’s unpopularity in the North as well as in the South, the vicious opposition within his cabinet and Congress along with the controversy surrounding his re-election of 1864† (306) were the true reasons behind his motives. Clarke uses examples from Booth’s childhood as everyone viewing him with a positive view and that view was shared by many including his friends and family. He points to his happy and health childhood as f act to his mental stability.Booth’s education was exceptional and along with his aspirations of following in his fathers footsteps into acting made him a very stable and intellectual man. He was considered to have gaiety and a passion for life. Clarke goes on to discuss how at 14 Booth lost his father and soon after, 3 years, he began acting. But when he began he had very harsh reviews that were critical of his ability in acting or his inexperience. Clarke believes he took these in stride and pushed forward in earnest to make a name all his own.Because the South seemed to praise his acting abilities more than the North, some theorize that this changed his attitude and he began to favor Southerner in lifestyle and beliefs that directed him to assassinate. Clark contends that although Booth did favor Southern audiences, the Northern audiences soon began to appreciate the actor’s abilities. Clarke asserts that women loved him and men from all walks of life wanted his frie ndship because they saw him as a man with wit and magnetism.The author maintains that this is the evidence for his motives being political instead of being pathological. Political events of 1864 such as the Civil War and the horrors of that bloody war along with the hatred the nation felt for Lincoln motivated the actor. So this sympathy for the South and because of his passions of justice and duty gave way to Booth’s actions. I find this very difficult to swallow. In my eyes and from what I read, Booth was a very self centered person and a very passionate actor that helped to make him feel invincible.The proof was in Clarke’s article when over and over he kept discussing Booth’s physical attractiveness and popularity among women as well as men. I believe that in Booth’s mind the assassination was a performance and felt he would gain even more popularity by his actions. I believe Booth did have some mental issues because anyone who kills another, for what ever motives has to have some level of mental illness. I’m sure that many at the time considered killing Lincoln, but only one person actually did the act.Charlie Manson was politically motivated when he told his followers to kill, but that didn’t diminish the fact he was totally insane. The same I holds true for Booth. Many can put excuses to another person’s actions, and especially when that person has been dead for quite sometime, but the fact remains that murder is an abnormal act in society; it’s against the societal norm and anyone who kills for whatever reason has mental health issues. Reference: Roberts, R. & Olson, J. S. (1986). American Experiences. Glenview, Ill. : Scott, Foreman.

Self-Actualization

Running Head: SELF-ACTUALIZATION Self-Actualization Destini Bridgeman Kaplan College Instructor Brewer Self-actualization is a part of our nature that helps us to become better people, by expanding our creativity, and making our experiences much more intense. It is usual for us to hear someone say that, â€Å"I quit. I cannot do this anymore. † Some people do so because they are tired of what they are doing, and others may just give up on their dreams because of their own personality problem. It is not a good or healthy thing to do because in the end, people may regret for what they decided to do.They may feel unhappy or even depressed. As we can see, in the daily life we are living in, people always give up on their dreams very easily because of various problems such as not reaching self-actualization or in their streams of consciousness. A famous psychologist Abraham Maslow has a theory which is widely accepted by people. â€Å"According to Maslow, basic needs must be satis fied before we can focus on those that are more abstract† (Interpersonal Communication Everyday Encounters, 2010).Maslow came up with a pyramid that shows people have different levels of needs. Some of them are basic, and some are at a higher level. Our behavior of chasing the dreams can be understood. Maslow believed in the theory of self-actualization. â€Å"He was convinced that humans are capable of achieving high levels of intellectual and emotional existence, and he believed in human potential† (Self-Actualization, 11/08/2010). Maslow’s pyramid, a five-tiered structure, (Figure 1) represents a summary of this theory.Maslow states that in order for one to focus their attention on the ultimate goal at the apex of the pyramid, self-actualization, and one must first fulfill the needs at the subordinate levels. At the lowest level of the chart are the physiological needs, followed by the need for safety, the belongingness and love needs, the esteem needs, and fi nally culminating in self-actualization. â€Å"The state of consciousness has no simple, agreed-upon definition. Rene Descartes, a French philosopher asked: â€Å"Is the mind, or consciousness, independent of matter?Is consciousness extended (physical) or unextended (nonphysical)? Is consciousness determinative, or is it determined† (Webb, 2002)? Freud believed consciousness was unextended, and that a large portion of our brain operates completely out of conscious awareness Sigmund Freud’s theories on consciousness and unconscious awareness are being a counter theory to reaching self- actualizations. Freud looked for personality in the details such as the meanings and insights revealed by careful analysis of the tiniest aspects of a person’s thought and behavior.Freud made a strong distinction between the conscious and unconscious mind. Freud believes we can bring unconscious to conscious. â€Å"He distinguished three different levels of mental life: conscious , preconscious, and unconscious. †. People must deal with unconscious desires but also memories we put there. â€Å"Freud assumed that insight into the unconscious can never be gained directly, however, because conscious self-reports could never tap the cloaked and censored depths of the unconscious. â€Å"According to Freud, the unconscious is the part of the mind that operates outside of the conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions. † Freud’s opinion is we can only reach self- actualization when we deal with unconsciousness. Freud believed that for us to reach â€Å"self-actualization,† we must deal with our unconscious. However, certain factors stood in our way. Defense mechanisms were used to repress unwanted desires, impulse, and memories in the unconscious mind.Freud proposed that the mind consists of three independent, interacting, and often conflicting systems. They are the ID, the Ego, and the Superego. As foll ows: â€Å"ID, which is part of the mind containing the drives present at birth and is the source of bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses; Ego: which enables us to deal with life’s practical demands; and the Super Ego, which is the mental system that reflects the internalization of the cultural rules† (Psychology 2009). The id is the great reservoir of the libido, from which the ego seeks to distinguish itself through various mechanisms of repression† (Modules on Freud II: On the unconscious 2002). No matter how self-actualization is reached, the end result is still the same. Negative past experiences and unwanted desires are dealt with first. Peak experiences can only occur when other needs are met. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Figure 1)References Gilbert, D. . Schacter, D. , Wegner, D. , Psychology. New York, NY. Woods, C. 2009. Viewed 11/08/2010. Modules on Freud II: On the Unconscious. July 2002. Viewed 11/15/2010. http://www. cla. purdue. edu/ac ademic/engl/theory/psychoanalysis/freud2. html Self- Actualization. Wilkipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Viewed 11/08/2010. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Self-actualization Webb, W. (2010) States of Consciousness. Viewed 11/08/2010. http://web. ebscohost. com. kaplan. uah. edu/ehost/delivery? vid=4&hid=17&sid=fcf6a1ba-8cd7-40e7-a846-fab63a3816fb%40sessionmgr10 Wood, J. Interpersonal Communication Everyday Encounters. Boston, MA, Lyn Uhl. 2010 Viewed 11/08/2010.

buy custom Nursing Paper Example on Transition

buy custom Nursing Paper Example on Transition Role Transition Theory in Nursing My Models of Transition in Nursing Bridges transition model also referred to as Transition shock model reflects how people feel in the moment when the change occurs. In my case it reflects my feelings as a new student nurse into the profession. The substantive new graduate nursing transition model gives grounds for a relatively narrow outlook of complete socialization of the profession Im joining. According to Cowen and Moorhead (2011), the model looks at motivating and inspiring the future groups in profession. It calls for coming together in creating a tactical plan that can redirect, address and repeatedly display the challenges. Many nurses might face anxiety when being officially introduced into their profession. It is this joint effort that has the prospective to produce a transformative change in the restraint. Undoubtedly, the first professional role of the graduate nurse is itself a distinctive stage in their specialized journey. It should also create a magnified image of the certainties all nurses face on an everyday basis. As such, progressing transition knowledge of the student nurse has the latent to affect the entire career by making noticeable the existing challenges.

Terms You Might Not Know Are Considered Racist

Terms You Might Not Know Are Considered Racist Some racist terms have been included in the American vocabulary for so long that many who use them are often clueless about their origins. Boy In most situations, the word boy is not a problem. Used to describe an African American man, however, the word is troublesome. Thats because historically whites routinely described black men as boys to suggest African Americans werent on equal footing with them. Both during and after slavery, African Americans werent viewed as full-fledged people but as mentally, physically, and spiritually inferior beings to whites. Calling black men boys was one way to express the racist ideologies of yesteryear. Despite its widespread use as a racial putdown, in Ash v. Tyson Foods, the U.S. Court of Appeals  decided that boy cannot be considered a racial slur unless its prefaced with a racial marker such as black. This decision has sparked controversy, considering that whites typically didnt call African American black boys during Jim Crow, but simply boys. The good news, according to Prerna Lal of Change.org, is that the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the holding, ruling that the use of the word boy on its own is not enough evidence of racial animus, but that the word is also not benign. That means the court is willing to consider the context in which boy is used to determine if its being uttered as a racial epithet. Gypped Gypped  is arguably the most commonly used  racist term  in existence today. If someone buys a used car that turns out to be lemon, for instance, he may complain, â€Å"I got gypped.† So, why is the term offensive? Because it equates the Gypsy, or Roma peoples, with being thieves, cheats and con artists. When someone says that they â€Å"got gypped,† they are essentially saying that they were conned. Explained Jake Bowers, editor of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller ezine  Travellers Times, to the British newspaper the  Telegraph: â€Å"Gypped is an offensive word, it is derived from Gypsy and it’s being used in the same context as a person might once have said they ‘jewed’ somebody if they did an underhand business transaction.† But don’t take Bowers’ word for it. If you’re still debating whether or not to use the verb â€Å"gypped,† consider that Philip Durkin, the principal etymologist at the  Oxford English Dictionary  told the  Telegraph  that there is a â€Å"scholarly consensus† that the word originated as a â€Å"racial slur.† No Can Do and Long Time No See These two phrases have probably rolled off the tongues of most Americans at some point in time. However, the sayings are only mocking the attempts of Chinese immigrants and Native Americans, for whom English was a second language. Uppity Most people have no idea that the term uppity has racist connotations when applied to black people in particular. Southerners used the term for black people who didnt know their place and that term was usually followed by another racial slur. Despite its negative history, the word is regularly used by various races. Websters dictionary defines uppity as putting on or marked by airs of superiority and likens the word to arrogant and presumptuous. In 2011, the word got some national coverage when Rush Limbaugh said that Michelle Obama showed uppity-ism. Considering the Shyster Many people have come to believe that shyster is an anti-Semitic, but the origins of the word are linked to a Manhattan newspaper editor in 1843–1844. According to an article on Law.com, at the time, there was a crusade against legal and political corruption in the city, and the editor derived the term shyster from the German word scheisse, which means excrement. There are several reasons for the anti-Semitic confusion including the closeness to Shakespeares Shylock, and belief that the term came from the proper name of Scheuster, who some think was a corrupt lawyer. The etymology of the word indicates it was never intended as a racial slur, and that it was applied derogatorily to lawyers in general, and not to any one ethnic group.

Maritime Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maritime Trade - Essay Example e the United Kingdom under either part 1 or 2 of the register, he can do so by making a provisional application to any British consular officer or to any British High Commissioner office .Such office will forward the application to the Registrar, and if he satisfies that the applicant is eligible for registration, then registration will be granted by the Registrar within a period of ninety days. All varieties of vessels like from oil rigs to pleasure yachts may be registered under Maltese laws provided, they are owned by individuals qualified to own a Maltese ship. Individuals who are qualified to own a Maltese ship are detailed below: In Malta, Minister of transport has been assigned with extra-ordinary authority to prescribe the degree of the class of ships of ownership of a ship eligible to be registered and may notify other regulations and conditions in associations with the necessary ownership for ships. To register a vessel under the Maltese flag by the foreign beneficial ownership, a shipping company must initially be incorporated under the Registry of companies of Malta. Again, a foreign shipping company can save a large sum of money as the minimum capital required by Maltese law is as low as with an authorised capital of  £ 1250 of which a minimum of  £ 250 must be paid-up. Further, the company registration expenses are very low amounting to just  £ 250 and every year, annual return has to be filed by paying a fee of  £ 125. There are several advantages for registering a shipping company in Malta as it has a quick process and also, it is inexpensive. For registering a shipping company at Malta, promoters need not personally present in Malta. They can register a shipping company by operating remotely by forwarding a power of attorney to their legal representative in Malta, which is generally a law firm. Further, the principal place of business of such shipping company need not necessarily be in Malta and there are no limitations whatsoever on the

The Forest People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Forest People - Essay Example This society viewed their world as a place with no evil as they got everything the forest without necessary clearing any forested area to cultivate and plant food. Everything was in the forest that they required. Anybody who didn’t understand the forest views it as hostile and dangerous, contrary to this BaMbuti had a different perception of the forest. Those who lived outside the village perceived the forest as fearful and evil. BaMbuti never viewed the forest as evil either did they possess any fear of living in the forest. The forest was their home, â€Å"for them it is a good world† (pg15). Forest was their cosmos and in return it supplied them with all their needs. They mastered the art of living in the forest that no outsider could comprehend how they did it while the outsiders viewed the forest as an impossible place to live in. Men and women had different roles to play in the society, and this phenomenon can be described as a division of labor. A normal day in the â€Å"pygmy village was alive with women bundling up their household possessions in the baskets they would carry on their backs. The men were busy checking their hunting nets, examining their arrow shafts and testing their bows, or sharpening the blades of their spear†. (pg53). Hunting was affair of men and for this reason they were obliged to train the young boys to hunt. Moneys and birds were hunted by men using bows and arrows. The women could travel collecting mushrooms and roots for the evening meals, this illustration indicates that the women were solely responsible for evening meals. The women were also obliged to cook for their husbands, â€Å"†¦ watching his third and youngest wife, Kamaika, cooking his breakfast.† (pg54). Thatching of huts was a role that was conferred to women â€Å"Ageronga’s wife prepares a bundle of mongongo leaves for thatching her hut.† It was also the obligation of women

Composite Cycle Frame Manufacturing Methods Project Assignment - 1

Composite Cycle Frame Manufacturing Methods Project - Assignment Example It also seeks to look at the various effective ways which hospitals and related institutions can store such records. It is important that they keep health records using reliable methods so that they ensure reliability of the data and easy retrieval of the same. Health informatics deals with ways of storing, retrieving and using information related to health and biomedicine. It has tools that are used in achieving storage and use of the data like computers, information systems and medical terms among others. Health informatics is also known as Health information systems. Areas of application include nursing and in public health. There are international standards that have been set regarding health informatics to ensure a standardized way of medical informatics (Joslin & Kahn 2005). Using computers and technology has been the best way to store data of patients in medicine all over the world. Electronic health records is the most reliable and accurate way of storing data because computers are more accurate than humans. Health institutions do not longer store records of patients manually like before the emergence of technology (Whetton, 2005). A good example of such online application programs is the ICD9-CM. they are codes used to store information of Diabetic patients in health institutions. The United States department for health is encouraging health institutions to migrate to the use of electronic means to store data. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is an effective way of tracking many types of diseases in the world. Knowledge of this coding method is very important for health professionals because it helps in maintaining proper health records in hospitals. It is a code that contains a set of volumes with some instructions. It contains volume one to volume three which gives the procedures. Volume one

Comparing Two Charity Advertisements Essay Example for Free

Comparing Two Charity Advertisements Essay In this essay I will be comparing the advertising leaflet for Christian Aid with the leaflet produced by The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). This essay will be analysing how the different charities try to persuade us, the audience to change our views, make the people want to do something to help them and the difficulties these charities face. I will be examining and commenting on the effectiveness of these adverts. The RSPCA are a charity organization set up to help animals in Britain and Christian Aid helps out people and children Worldwide. We need these charities because they help people in need and they also support communities. We need charities to help people who cannot support themselves because everyone deserves to have a life of their own which they can enjoy. We give to charities for many reasons, but the main reason we give to charities is because we feel guilty. We feel guilty because we are so well off and we take our houses, Television and having food and water for granted. However, people in third world countries can not even afford to have a roof above their head and in some extreme cases of poverty they can not afford food and clean water. Some people give for compassion. This is when they sympathise with these people and animals and they feel sorry for them so they give money because they want to help them. However, some people give because of their religious belief. Muslims give to charities because of Zakat, one of the pillars of Islam. It reminds Muslims of the fact that whatever wealth they may possess is due to the blessings of Allah and it should be spent according to the His commands. Some people give to charity because they believe it is their moral duty to give to charity. In addition some people give to charities because they want people to think they are generous and they want to be recognized as that and get praise for it. There are hundreds of different charities which help out in different ways. These different charities include charities that support animal rights, environmental agencies and pressure groups, humanitarian charities, medical charities and child protection. The spectrum of human emotion can be manipulated visually and imaginatively. Pictures can be formed mentally from descriptive words or even statistics. Charities use this to their advantage, this works extremely well. It is their greatest technique for persuasion. Charities constantly need to advertise due to competition. There are hundreds of charities which help different causes and this is why there are so many different charities to give to which shows there is so much competition. On top of this there is the National Lottery. Since the national lottery there has been a decrease in the number of people giving to charity. The National Lottery is a huge profit making organisation and out of this they profit they do give to charity. However they only give a small proportion of their money to charity and recently there has been some controversy on which charities they give to. Most charities also do not get government funding which means they rely on the public to donate money to keep their charity running. Charities advertise in various ways. These include the broadcast media which could be television or Radio, Print Media which consists of billboards, posters, newspaper (tabloids and broadsheets) and magazines; we can also include advertising on the internet. Advertising is very important in our culture and is always around us. Everything is advertised varying from houses to the clothes we wear and films we watch. Advertisements are a way to persuade people to do what you want them to do, whether it is to donate to tour charity or to buy your product. Advertisements have been around for centuries, one of the first advertisements was in a newspaper in 1704. This shows how long they have been around and how long people have had to learn how to manipulate them to their advantage. Charities mainly use the print media option because it cheaper than television and radio advertisement. Also print media is more easily accessible to everybody unlike radio and television. This may also be advantageous because instead of having to write out a cheque the print media will probably have a tear off slip which can be more convenient to send off. This has been used in the RSPCA leaflet. Charities target people who are financially stable and socially and globally aware of the problems people face in the world. This is because these sorts of people are more likely to give because they are likely to feel guiltier than others and if they know about global issues then are also likely to empathise with these people. Charities can target their audience by advertising in certain newspapers such as broadsheets for example The Guardian or The Telegraph. The type of people who read these sort of papers are more likely to give than people who read The Sun or The Daily Sport because they are probably more likely to be globally aware and they are probably better educated, so they have better jobs and would therefore would have a more disposable income to give to charities. The main purpose of the RSPCA is to prevent cruelty to animals. We know this because it says The aims of the RSPCA are to prevent cruelty and promote kindness to animals. The main purpose of Christian Aid is to help people, regardless of their race or religion, to tackle the causes of poverty and injustice. We know because the information inside the leaflet shows us that they are trying to help people like Valliamma and Shashore have a life before Death. From the name Christian Aid people tend to believe that this charity only helps people who are Christian but this is not true, this name was made centuries back when this was not a multi-cultural society, as it is today, but it had to the name because they were to well known to change it. The Christian Aid leaflet uses an image of a canned drink on the front cover. This is a red colour, with the title Fresh Air. The words Fresh air are very strong as their slogan and also very emotive, as it makes us think of those people in undeveloped countries, who do not have anything but air. This image of a can is very effective because it reminds people of Coca Cola and western culture and capitalism. It shows how our culture has dominated the world, and how unfortunate some people are. The colour red is very effective because it has negative connotations of blood and death which reminds us of what is happening out in the world and makes us want to donate money. On the back of the can there is a box titled Nutritional Information which is written in a large font to show that is the title, then the writing inside is a smaller font size. When we first open the poster our eyes are immediately led to the picture on the left. This is because we read from left to right so the left hand side is the primary optical area for us. The writing above the picture is in bold and in red. This is more eye-catching and we are more likely to read this before we read any of the other text because the bright red and the dominance in the size of text will probably strike our attention before the other text would. There is a caption below the picture which is in a smaller font than the one which is used for the rest of the writing. This has been deliberately made small because this information is not as important as the other text. On the right hand side, there is another photo and below it there is a caption and in an even smaller font than this there are the Christian Aid contact details. This has been put at the bottom of the page because it is the last thing that has been out on the page so it memorable. The biggest writing on this page is at the top of the page on the right. This is used to make sure that everyone reads this, even if they do not read the other text because this is the most important text. It also is the centre page of the three flaps, so it is also been put there as a big centre point. The right hand flap can then be pulled open to show more writing in the middle and on the right there are two small pictures surrounded by writing. The writing is broken into paragraphs so it seems easier to digest instead having big chunks of text which some people may find off putting. The text is split in the middle with alternating bold red text then normal text. On the right hand side each paragraph starts off in bold with the words Just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½36. This is used to emphasise the amount of money, which for us is not a lot but for people in Africa is enough to build a life on. At the bottom again we have big, red, bold text, to stand out against the rest of the text as it is asking us to give us money and the CA do not want us to miss this. At the bottom we have the Christian Aid logo and below the slogan We Believe in Life before Death. This has been put here because this is the terminal optical area as it is the last thing we read on the right-hand side when we read from left to right so we will remember this. The RSPCA leaflet shows a cat on the cover, sitting on a doorstep and staring at us. This scene seems absolutely normal. The heading is in a bold white font which gives positive connotations as it makes us think of peace. At the bottom of the page on the right, we have the RSPCA logo in the terminal optical area which is effective because it makes it more identifiable and memorable. Then if we lift out the flap underneath, we see an image of what seems to be a normal house. There is a cat sitting on top of the sofa. The title on the top is written in a big black bold colour. This black colour gives negative connotations compared to the white heading on the first image because it is shows darkness. Below there is white writing which is smaller but is still in bold. It is now that we see the next picture which instantly gives very negative connotations from just looking at it. There are faeces on the floor, it looks like a very neglected area and there are tins of cat food as well. Using black and white to contrast between negative and positive features is a very clever way to easily give the effect you want. The RSPCA advert has very little text compared to the CA advert and big pictures. They have also printed their advert in black and white whereas on the other hand the CA advert has been printed in colour. This was probably printed in black and white because it is cheaper so more leaflets can be printed within their budget, informing more people of their charity. Nowadays, charities are using more and more shocking images in their adverts in order to make the audience empathise and feel sorry for these people. For example, a recent Barnardos advert showed a baby with a cockroach and a syringe in its mouth and this was banned because it was thought to be too shocking for the British public. This however is very effective, and if people were to believe that this kind of thing was happening then they would be more likely to give. However, this could have been made very shocking purposefully, to grab attention and to get publicity. When we first see the RSPCA advert we are confronted by a rhetorical question asking us whether this cat is happily watching the world go by. This makes us start to think whether something is going on and leads us to read on to see if there is anything going on. Then, when we open up the leaflet this question is answered, but in the form of another rhetorical question and in the background there is an image of a room. Then below this tile is writing. This writing is telling us what actually happened in this room. It talks about the cat Boots being soiled with faeces. They have used the name Boots to make it seem more personal to us. The faeces could have been replaced with excretion or pooh but faeces is used to make it sound more technical and scientific. This helps to make it more shocking and give the text more of an impact. Short sentence structure is used to make the reader remember, short sentences are also more effective than long sentences, which helps the reader remember what is said. Then on the back we have a zoom in on what has happened. It has information of an advice line and national cruelty helpline places next to a phone. At the end the text This was just one is placed in the terminal optical area which makes the sentence stay in the persons mind. Moving back to the middle section there is a photograph of three kittens staring at us. It seems as if they are asking for help when they look at us. This is called the look to camera technique. The title uses an opinion which is made to look like a fact when it is not necessarily true that Boots ahs found a loving new family. Below the picture there is a black box which is used to draw our attention. The writing inside this box uses triadic structure and repetition of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3 a month in bold then what this can do to help being listed three times. At the end it says Please help. This is a polite request. This is used because it is harder to decline a polite request than it is a normal request. Again in the last section we have the cat using the look to camera technique which seems as if the cat is asking us Please be my friend? The title uses emotional blackmail when it says Ill be a friend for life to defenceless animals suffering from cruelty. This is effective because it makes us want to be their friend, and protect them from cruelty. This advert uses many examples of rhetorical questions, because they are thought evoking and make us want to read on, until we reach the end, where we meet the sponsor form. Dying for a drink? Imagine if this was all you had to drink today. This opening question is a rhetorical question and has alliteration. It persuades you to imagine, a natural reaction is to do so. It gives a vibrant picture and feeling, making you sympathize with these people. There is a lot of detail given in the first sentence, which is a very good way to draw in the reader to move forth into the leaflet. On the back of the can there is a box titled Nutritional Information. Inside this box are facts. These facts are shocking but interesting and lead us to read on inside the leaflet. This is the purpose of the front cover of the Christian aids leaflet. As we open the leaflet at the top we are given the title How one well helped save a community from extinction. The word extinction seems very powerful and this title amazes us to know that just one well could make such a difference. Below the picture we see more facts about how they helped so many other people in Mali by building 500 concrete wells. The first paragraph tells us what is happening in Mali and the problems. In the second paragraph we are told about what they did about it. The chief of tonsogou, Abdoulaye Togo, is described as dynamic and determined. This is used to make people think that he is a good person and that we should send money to help him. Also, using the persons name makes it seem more personal. The third paragraph tells us the effects of them helping this village. The word flourished is used because it gives off very positive connotations. There is a quote from one of the villagers saying that now they have more time to spin cotton. This is also very positive because it shows now that they have clean water and they can work, and sell their products so they will get more money. The next flap uses a quote right at the beginning. This quote is very emotive and moving, and makes us think again, of the image we thought of from the first rhetorical question. This gets us thinking again and we empathize with these people. This next paragraph uses the word Imagine at the beginning of each sentence. This is used to involve us and to again make us empathize with these people. It uses statistics such as 1.1 billion people and one- sixth of the worlds population to shock us. The flap is then opened up and we see the centre page which is carried on talking about people like Yalaya and how they have helped the village become more self-sufficient. This makes us realize that by us helping them, we are helping them help themselves. The next part talks about how after building the well the people of tinsogou got together with 14 other villages and between them built their own health centre. This is very impressive to us and it makes us think that it is worth helping these people because they can help other people by making a health centre. It also says that they have made a school. This is good because then the future generations can be educated and may not have to struggle in life as that village once did. The next paragraph consists of the quote When we realized what we could achieve we didnt want to stop at the well. We wanted to go on and make other things happen for the village. This quote shows that CA is a charity that is very determined to help people out in every way they can. The rest of the flap says that so much was achieved by just one gift of water, and that today we can be part of these achievements by donating. This makes us want to be part of these achievements and helping other people out. It says the battle against poverty. This is a very powerful, effective sentence, full of strong words such as battle, and poverty to persuade us to give money, so that we do win the battle against poverty. It also talks about this being a difference we can make and it says please do. This is a polite request because it asks us nicely but in a way it is also telling us to do it. The last flap informs us that Just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24 buys eight bags of cement, to help a community like Valiammas in Sri Lanka. It makes it very personal now when it almost introduces her by saying she has seven children and that she only earns twenty pence a day selling rice flour. It is very emotive because she uses twenty pence to feed seven children and herself and we spend twenty pounds going out to a restaurant, eating what we want. The use of the word just is also very effective because for in a commercialized, developed country like ours twenty four pounds is not a lot of money. The same thing is repeated in the next paragraph but this time it is thirty six pounds for Shashore in Ethiopia to give money so that she can grow her own trees, because the food that she grows only lasts for five months. This also makes us think how lucky we are that we can have as much food as we like, and more whenever like as we are constantly surrounded by shops and restaurants. The last paragraph asks us to help Valliamma and Sahashore have a life before death. This is a clever way to use their slogan A life before death. This slogan is very effective because religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, believe in re-incarnation and even Christianity believes in heaven and hell which is life after death, but CA wants people to have a life before they die. Both adverts are very effective. However, I believe that the RSPCA leaflet is more effective because they have used more persuasive devices and emotive language where as the Christian Aid leaflet mainly states facts and when it uses persuasive devices it is very blatant so it is not as effective. An example of this from Christian Aid is Please give whatever you can today and help more people like Valliamma and Shashore have a life before death. The images used in the RSPCA advert is very emotive when it has the animal looking at you, especially in the last image, because it seems as if the cat is asking for help. I believe that the RSPCA would get more support from the public because of the fact that Britain is well known for caring about animals. For example we only have a National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children but we have a Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Therefore I believe that more people would give to the RSPCA than to Christian Aid.